NeuroTracker training has been linked with improvements in working memory performance ( Parsons et al., 2016 Vartanian et al., 2016) and attention ( Tullo et al., 2018), but more importantly, has shown potential far transfer effects. (2016) and colleagues demonstrated the benefits of training inhibitory control using a visual search paradigm, leading to improvements in attention control and volleying performance in a pressurized tennis task (see also Biggs et al., 2015).Ī CT task which has received particular interest from both sport and the military, and features a perceptual-cognitive component, is NeuroTracker, a 3-dimensional multiple object tracking (MOT) task. Other methods featuring perceptual-cognitive elements have, however, produced more promising results. Despite showing positive training effects on laboratory based cognitive tests, these approaches to CT have shown very little evidence of real-world transfer in healthy populations ( Melby-Lervåg and Hulme, 2013 Harris et al., 2018 Stojanoski et al., 2018). Many commercial methods of brain training, as well as bespoke applications used in research, are based on established cognitive tests, such as n-back working memory tests (e.g., Jaeggi et al., 2008, trained participants on an adaptive dual- n-back) or response-inhibition tests (e.g., see Biggs et al., 2015). It remains unclear, however, whether training transfers beyond the lab, to new tasks and contexts – that is, far transfer ( Owen et al., 2010 Simons et al., 2016 Stojanoski et al., 2018 Sala and Gobet, 2019). Currently there is reliable evidence that CT, implemented in a variety of ways, leads to measurable improvements on cognitive tests that resemble the training method – that is, near transfer ( Jaeggi et al., 2011 Morrison and Chein, 2011 Melby-Lervåg and Hulme, 2013 Sala and Gobet, 2019). Consequently, domain-general CT is particularly attractive as training payoffs could relate to multiple tasks and scenarios. Core cognitive abilities are indeed predictive of workplace performance ( Ree et al., 1994 Schmidt and Hunter, 2004). CT has received particular interest from sporting and military researchers ( Blacker et al., 2018 Walton et al., 2018), as these environments are considered to place significant demand on functions like working memory (WM) to support effective decision making ( Furley and Memmert, 2010) and resisting performance breakdowns under pressure ( Beilock and Carr, 2005 Ducrocq et al., 2018).Ĭognitive training is based on the assumption that if cognitive abilities predict real-world performance and success, then practicing those abilities should improve performance in real-world tasks ( Simons et al., 2016). Nonetheless there has been considerable uptake of CT by sports teams, and a significant commercial market has developed around CT (estimated to be worth $8 billion by 2021, 2017). A major contention within the CT literature is whether any real evidence exists for true far transfer effects, that is, to tasks or situations beyond those employed during training ( Owen et al., 2010 Stojanoski et al., 2018 Lintern and Boot, 2019). CT programmes consist of systematic practice on games, puzzles and tests designed to target cognitive functions such as working memory or attention ( Simons et al., 2016). Effective uses of CT may require more task specific training targeting mid-level transfer effects.Ĭognitive training (CT) aims to develop domain-general mental abilities to improve performance in a range of daily activities.
These findings raise further questions about whether domain general CT will transfer to real-world performance. There may, however, have been some improvement in working memory performance as a result of training. There was no evidence for near transfer (to another object tracking task) or for far transfer to a route monitoring task designed to replicate real-world multitasking. 84 participants were randomized to four independent training groups, using NeuroTracker, a CT task based on 3D object tracking.
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This study aimed to assess transfer from a CT intervention to near and mid-level transfer tasks, plus a far transfer test representative of real-world multitasking in a military environment. Research to date has indicated that CT likely aids performance on lab-based cognitive tests, but there has been little demonstration of transfer to tasks representative of real-world high performance environments.
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